Sentence structure: Time and reason clauses
Time words like when, before and until, and reason / contrast words like because and although, join two clauses. The clause with the joining word can come first or second.
Bring the pieces togetherIn this chapter
Patterns
Time: When I get home, I'll call you. · Reason: I'm happy because it's Friday. · Result: It was raining, so we stayed inside. · Purpose: Speak louder so that everyone can hear you. · Contrast + clause: Although it was cold, we went for a walk. · Contrast + noun: Despite the rain, we had fun.
Present simple for the future
After a time word, we don't use will even for the future; we use the present simple: When I get home, I will call you. (“When I will get home” is wrong.)
Time words
Turkish uses an ending (gel-ince); English uses a separate word at the start (When).
Example: When I get home, I will call you.
Example: While Mom was cooking, I set the table.
Reason, result, contrast
because + the reason.
Example: I wore a coat because it was cold.
Example: It was cold, so I wore a coat.
Turkish equivalents
Example: You can go out after you finish your homework.
Example: Wait until the bus comes.
Tip
although + clause (although it was raining); despite + noun or -ing (despite the rain, despite being tired). Both show contrast.
Position 5 of 9 chapters at B1.